Forced circumcision

Ibi ùgwù na ike


obere ụdị nke	circumcision, physical abuse

Ibi úgwù n'ike bụ ibi úgwù nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụaka megide uche ha.^[1] N'ihe gbasara Bible, a na-eji okwu a eme ihe karịsịa n'ihe gbasara Pọl onyeozi na esemokwu ya megide esemokwu ibi úgwù na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge mbụ.^[2] Ibi úgwù mmanye emeela n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọkachasị na ntọghata mmanye nke ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba na Islam na ibi úgwù mmanye nke ụmụnwoke Teso, Turkana na Luo na Kenya, yana ịtọrọ ụmụnwoke nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke mba South Africa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a na-akpọ ibi úgwù ("ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhịa").^[3]^[4] Na South Africa, omenala na-enye ohere ka ụmụnwoke na-asụ Xhosa na-ebighị úgwù gafere afọ ibi úgwù (ya bụ, afọ iri abụọ na ise ma ọ bụ karịa) ka ụmụnwoke ndị ọzọ merie ha ma bie ha úgwù n'ike.^[5]

↑ Glass (2013).
↑ See, e.g., Dunn, Paul and the Mosaic Law, p. 265; Tomson, "Transformations of Post-70 Judaism," p. 120.
↑ "Although the Qur'an speaks against forced conversion, such conversions of Christians and Jews took place under Muslim rule until the early decades of the twentieth century." Lerner, Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights, p. 142.
↑ On occurrences of forced circumcision in Kenya, see Glazier, Land and the Uses of Traditions, p. 25; Wamwere, I Refuse to Die, p. 149, passim; Karimi and Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 13; Rutten and Owuor, "Weapons of mass destruction"; Kagwanja, "Courting genocide." Regarding the situation in South Africa, see Ndangam, Lifting the Cloak, pp. 211-213; Meintjies, Manhood at a Price; Mayatula and Mavundla, "A review on male circumcision procedures"; Crowly and Kesner, "Ritual Circumcision."
↑ Funani, Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa, p. v.

[1] Glass (2013).

[2] See, e.g., Dunn, Paul and the Mosaic Law, p. 265; Tomson, "Transformations of Post-70 Judaism," p. 120.

[3] "Although the Qur'an speaks against forced conversion, such conversions of Christians and Jews took place under Muslim rule until the early decades of the twentieth century." Lerner, Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights, p. 142.

[4] On occurrences of forced circumcision in Kenya, see Glazier, Land and the Uses of Traditions, p. 25; Wamwere, I Refuse to Die, p. 149, passim; Karimi and Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 13; Rutten and Owuor, "Weapons of mass destruction"; Kagwanja, "Courting genocide." Regarding the situation in South Africa, see Ndangam, Lifting the Cloak, pp. 211-213; Meintjies, Manhood at a Price; Mayatula and Mavundla, "A review on male circumcision procedures"; Crowly and Kesner, "Ritual Circumcision."

[5] Funani, Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa, p. v.

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